I'm not sure about all the nurgley poisons and stuff, where is that one from? it really depends who you believe, I think. There's the new black library version, the sabertooth version, the old version, the even older version.. It's been chopped and changed around by various conflicting sources quite a lot.
Generally, though, in all of the different versions, he gets sick of being sent off on horrible bloody campaigns to expand the Empire while the Emperor sits on Terra feeding sweeties to Rogal Dorn. He experiences the power of chaos, somehow, and realizes that the Emperor is betraying mankind by accepting weakness and refusing to embrace the power of Chaos. He resolves to cast the Emperor down and become a new Emperor, leading humanity into a golden age forged by the power of the warp.. and.. yeah.. the rest is history.
As for the other chaos marines, here's a brief rundown of the legions I've read anything about.
Lunar Wolves/Sons of Horus/Black Legion - They were incredibly loyal to Horus and most of them immediately adopted his vision anyway.
World Eaters - They had brain surgery to make them more aggressive in battle, but they also became increasingly bloodthirsty and addicted to the thrill of the slaughter. In the end, they just cared more about killing than about who they killed for.
Death Guard - Typhon/Typhus, who was a chaos worshipper long before the heresy began, sabotaged their flagship and left them stranded in the warp. The marines on board all contracted a warp bourne disease. In desparation, they turned to nurgle to prolong their lives, and were reanimated as plague marines.
Emperor's Children - They were obsessed with being the most perfect warriors in the universe, but this meant they were extremely proud and unhesitatingly loyal. Fulgrim, their primarch, was a close friend of Horus, and when he turned the rest of the legion followed him rather than the Emperor. They were also given a vision of a perfect galaxy in which evil could not exist because nothing was forbidden.
Thousand Sons - They dabbled in forbidden sorcery, believing they could use it to serve the Emperor's plan. When Magnus the Red used forbidden sorcery to warn the Emperor of Horus' impending treachery, the Emperor, who trusted Horus abseloutely, assumed Magnus was the traitor and sent the Space Wolves to destroy the Thousand Sons legion utterly. During the battle, Magnus' psychic wards broke and he was driven insane by the power he sought to control.
Iron Warriors - They fought the toughest, most brutal attrition battles of the crusade, but often weren't rewarded for it. They felt slighted by the Emperor, particularly since he seemed to personally favour the Imperial Fists over them. Horus played on their paranoia and bitterness, and eventually it got the better of them.
Word Bearers - Their entire purpose was the veneration of the Emperor as a living God. When the Emperor rebuked them for it, and rejected their worship, it utterly destroyed everything they'd based their lives upon. In the resulting crisis of faith, they turned to chaos, who actively sought their veneration and rewarded their faith.
Night Lords - None of the other Primarchs liked night haunter, which isn't surprising, he was a derranged self hating freak with a tendancy to emo out and attack them (half joking there.) That, and his legion were a bunch of morally bankrupt sociopaths in power armour.
Alpha Legion - Abseloutely no idea.. Maybe someone with the right book can fill me in?